Viral replicative capacity, antigen availability via hematogenous spread and high TFH:TFR ratios drive induction of potent neutralizing antibody responses
- Author(s)
- Eldi, P; Chaudhri, G; Nutt, SL; Newsome, TP; Karupiah, G;
- Details
- Publication Year 2019-01-09,Volume 93,Issue #6,Page pii: e01795-18
- Journal Title
- Journal of Virology
- Publication Type
- Journal Article
- Abstract
- Live viral vaccines elicit protective, long-lived humoral immunity but the underlying mechanisms through which this occurs are not fully elucidated. Generation of affinity matured, long-lived protective antibody responses involve close interactions between T follicular helper (TFH) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells. We postulated that escalating concentrations of antigens from replicating viruses or live vaccines, spread through the hematogenous route, is essential for the induction and maintenance of long-lived protective antibody responses. Using replicating and poorly- or non-replicating orthopox and influenza A viruses we show that the magnitude of TFH cell, GC B cell and neutralizing antibody responses is directly related to virus replicative capacity. Further, we have identified that both lymphoid and circulating TFH:TFR cell ratios during the peak GC response can be used as an early predictor of protective, long-lived antibody response induction. Finally, administration of poorly or non-replicating viruses to allow hematogenous spread generates significantly stronger TFH:TFR ratios and robust TFH, GC B cell and neutralizing antibody responses.Importance: Neutralizing antibody response is the best-known correlate of long-term protective immunity for most of the currently licensed clinically effective viral vaccines. However, the host immune and viral factors that are critical for the induction of robust and durable antiviral humoral immune responses are not well understood. Our study provides insight into the dynamics of key cellular mediators of germinal center reaction during live virus infections and the influence of viral replicative capacity on the magnitude of antiviral antibody response and effector function. The significance of our study lies in two key findings. First, systemic spread of even poorly- or non-replicating viruses to mimic the spread of antigens from replicating viruses due to escalating antigen concentration is fundamental to induction of durable antibody responses. Second, the TFH:TFR ratio may be used as an early predictor of protective antiviral humoral immune responses long before memory responses are generated.
- Publisher
- ASM
- Research Division(s)
- Immunology
- PubMed ID
- 30626686
- Link To PubMed Central Version
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6401457/
- Publisher's Version
- https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01795-18
- Terms of Use/Rights Notice
- Refer to copyright notice on published article.
Creation Date: 2019-03-13 08:04:15
Last Modified: 2019-06-20 03:43:51