Purified oat protein can trigger acute symptoms linked to immune activation in coeliac disease patients but not histological deterioration

Hardy, MY; Russell, AK; Henneken, LM; Tanner, G; Bekes, F; Brown, I; Motyer, A; Olechnowicz, SWZ; Reid, HH; Rossjohn, J; Tye-Din, JA

Author(s): Hardy, MY; Russell, AK; Henneken, LM; Tanner, G; Bekes, F; Brown, I; Motyer, A; Olechnowicz, SWZ; Reid, HH; Rossjohn, J; Tye-Din, JA;
Details: Publication Year 2025-05-07,Volume 74,Issue #6,Page 906-917
Journal Title: Gut
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oat ingestion in coeliac disease (CD) is generally regarded as safe but can trigger enteropathy and T cells specific for oat avenin in the gut and blood of some individuals. OBJECTIVE: To correlate immune and clinical outcomes to oats, purified avenin and oat feeding studies were performed to examine symptoms, T-cell immunity and intestinal histology in CD. DESIGN: 33 treated HLA-DQ2.5+ adult CD patients underwent single-bolus or 6-week oat avenin or 3-month whole oats ingestion. T cell activation after avenin ingestion was measured using serum interleukin 2 (IL-2), a sensitive and specific biomarker of gluten-induced T cell activation and symptoms in CD. Symptom measures, intestinal histology, and immune studies on blood and duodenum were undertaken. RESULTS: Among 29 CD participants, avenin induced dose-dependent T-cell activation in 11 (38%) and acute symptoms in 17 (59%). Higher IL-2 levels correlated with more severe symptoms. A single highly symptomatic patient vomited in response to avenin (1/29; 3%) and exhibited a striking pro-inflammatory cytokine profile similar to wheat-induced responses. Avenin increased the frequency of CD38-expressing tetramer+integrin beta7+ T effector memory CD4+ T cells in the blood, however symptoms, IL-2 release and tetramer frequency fell following 6-week avenin intake and no enteropathy was observed. CONCLUSION: Gluten-contamination-free oats can trigger acute dose-dependent immune and symptom responses but usually at a level insufficient to cause sustained symptoms or enteropathy. In 1 of 29 (3%) participants, oat avenin triggered a pro-inflammatory wheat-like response, highlighting that a minority of CD patients may need to exclude oats. Informed choice regarding oats ingestion in CD is important.
Publisher: BMJ
Keywords: Humans; *Avena/immunology/adverse effects; *Celiac Disease/immunology/pathology/diet therapy; Male; Adult; Female; Middle Aged; *Lymphocyte Activation/immunology/drug effects; T-Lymphocytes/immunology; Interleukin-2/blood; Aged; *Plant Proteins/adverse effects/immunology/administration & dosage; Duodenum/pathology/immunology; Young Adult; Glutens; Biomarkers/blood; Coeliac disease; Cytokines; Gluten; Intestinal t cells
Research Division(s): Immunology
PubMed ID: 39961645
Publisher's Version: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333589
Terms of Use/Rights Notice: Refer to copyright notice on published article.

Creation Date: 2025-06-26 09:56:58

Last Modified: 2025-06-26 09:58:12